There are a few previous studies on the influence of the environment and the social entrepreneurship process in transition economies. However, to our knowledge, there are no studies considering the political and social environment as influencing factors in social entrepreneurship in the context of countries in the Central Asia region. This study attempts to bridge this gap in social entrepreneurship research in the transition economies by investigating the effects of the political environment (corruption and lack of trust in authority) and social environment (education and income inequality) on the opportunity development process of social entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan. The sample for this study includes nine social enterprises in Kyrgyzstan. Due to the scarcity of previous research on social entrepreneurship in transition economies, especially in the Central Asia region, an abductive case study research design was employed. This research revealed that the opportunity development process in social enterprises in Kyrgyzstan is affected by the political factor (the lack of trust in authority) and social factors (education and income inequality). However, there was no connection between corruption, as a political factor, and the opportunity development process.

The purpose of this study is to realize the original value and significance of franchise cooperatives(hereinafter referred to as FC cooperatives) by re-establishing the model of franchise cooperatives and suggesting improvement directions and implementation roadmaps for support policies. To this end, the model of the FC cooperative was re-established based on prior theory. In addition, the policy evaluation of officials who participated in the FC cooperative support policy and opinions on the model of the FC cooperative were analyzed. Also reflecting the results of the two studies, the model of the FC cooperative was confirmed, and the direction of improving the support policy of the FC cooperative and the implementation roadmap were proposed. Through the research, the FC cooperative model was systematized for the first time, and clear concepts and categories were summarized. Finally standard data and information for policy establishment were provided, and practical measures necessary for the design, guidelines, and method of support policies were exemplified.

This study analyzed the policy effectiveness by classifying the government's SME(small to medium‐sized enterprise) policy analysis research literature listed in the Korean Citation Index from 2002 to 2021 by policy target, policy tool, and policy performance. If most of the existing SME policy studies were analyzes focusing on specific policies, regions, or industries, this study divides 317 papers into 6 policy performances(management performance, economic performance, technological performance, employment performance, and establishment induction performance, policy satisfaction) and evaluates them. Therefore, it is meaningful in that it examined the effect of SME policies from an integrated point of view.
As a result of an overview of the research literature, first, in studies targeting small and medium-sized enterprises, the proportion of positive research is high, but policies for detailed targets such as small businesses are evaluated as having low effectiveness. In the case of policies confined to industries rather than regions, the proportion of studies with positive evaluations was higher. Second, the research literature was analyzed based on policy tools. In the case of support limited participation, informatization, surety, and package policies, the proportion of positive evaluation was high, but the government-led management support policy has mixed positive and negative evaluations because it does not meet the needs of companies. Finally, SME policy performance accounted for the highest proportion in economic performance.
In conclusion, policies aimed at clear targets, such as small business policies and management support, but which are ineffective or do not fit the needs of companies, should be reformed to suit the market environment. In addition, policies that are sure to be effective, such as industry-tailored policies, surety, certification, and informatization, must be actively supported. In addition, since SME policies have a very high effect on the overall macro economy, SME policies should move forward to have a positive impact on the overall industrial ecosystem through technological innovation, not just beneficiaries.

Since the concept of sustainability was introduced, the concept of sustainable management, considering sustainability in corporate governance, has emerged in business management. Recently, there has been active discussion on sustainable supply chain management, which takes into account the three dimensions of sustainability: Environmental, Social, and Economic dimensions. Furthermore, due to unpredictable events such as COVID-19 pandemic, wars, and natural disasters that threaten the supply chain, supply chain resilience has gained attention. With ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) becoming a major topic in corporate management, this study examines the relationship between sustainable supply chain management, supply chain resilience, and ESG performance, and investigates any differences based on company size. A survey was conducted targeting tier 1 suppliers in the automotive industry, and a total of 251 survey responses were used for analysis. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that the social and economic dimensions of sustainable supply chain management have a significant positive (+) impact on supply chain resilience regardless of company size, while the environmental dimension is significant for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) but not for large enterprises. Supply chain resilience has a significant positive (+) impact on ESG performance regardless of company size, and sustainable supply chain management also has a significant positive (+) impact on ESG performance regardless of company size. Comparing the mean differences in sustainable supply chain management, supply chain resilience, and ESG performance based on company size, it was found that larger companies have higher average values.